Antioxidants
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| © Graphic: Fraunhofer LBF. Scheme of the experimental setup with twin screw extruder and online rheometer |
Organic matter and therefore also plastics, degrade by auto-oxidation when being in contact with air. This degradation is initiated by elevated temperature or light and propagates as a radical chain reaction which causes cleavage of the polymer chains. The latter are primarily attacked by the OH radical resulting in the formation of hydroperoxide moieties. These triggers follow up reactions leading to regeneration of the OH-radical. For an optimum protection of the polymer, two different types of antioxidants must be added: The primary antioxidant, often containing a phenolic structure, quenches the OH-radical. Secondary antioxidants consist of sterically hindered alkyl-derivatives of functional groups, such as phosphites or thioethers. These react with the hydroperoxide without OH formation. Both types of antioxidant act in a synergistic way, therefore. A typical commercially available stabilizer package containing both antioxidants in equal amounts was used in the described experiments.
Studying process stabilization
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| © Graphic: Fraunhofer LBF. Flow curves of shear viscosity for various amounts of antioxidant (“Stab”). |
Commercially available virgin plastic grades are typically equipped with appropriate stabilizer packages to be ready for use. For the sake of resource efficiency and economy, the optimum content of process stabilizer must be determined during the development of new plastic grades. Processing of used plastics to recyclates faces the same problem because the stabilizers have been regularly depleted during the previous life cycle. Compounding the mill charge to recyclates requires adding stabilizers adjusted to the respective type of plastics and its stage of aging. The traditional way to optimize the stabilizer content is based on compounding a series containing varying amounts of antioxidants. The compounds are then characterized offline by means of different tests, such as the melt volume rate (MVR, DIN 1133-1) or the oxidative induction time (OIT, ASTM D3895-19). First reliable results are obtained only after the compounding step.
Researchers at Fraunhofer LBF aim at obtaining an indication regarding the efficacy of the actual stabilizer content already during the compounding step. Towards this goal the viscosity of the melt is used as a response recorded while varying the recipe. This is realized by incorporating an online rheometer behind the screw tips of a twin screw extruder to measure the flow curves of the shear as well as the elongational viscosity.
First experiments were carried out on a minimally stabilised virgin polypropylene (PP).
The amount of stabiliser added was varied at selected screw speeds. The reduced process-related degradation is immediately reflected in an increase in viscosity in the flow curves. Above a certain additive level there is no further increase in viscosity. This means that for the actual processing conditions, the stabiliser concentration has reached the limit above which no further improvement can be achieved.
Thus, online rheology provides the formulation developer with valuable information regarding the efficacy of a processing stabilizer already during compounding.
Furthermore, the flow curves of the different polymers are not identical. The information content of a flow curve is therefore much higher than that of a single numerical value from an MVR measurement. In addition, the flow curves of the elongational viscosity can be included in the evaluation. Supported by an appropriate AI based system, online rheology appears to be a very promising tool to implement stabilizing during the production of recyclates with the ability of real-time adjustment to the aging stage of the mill charges.
